Abstract

Chlorine is one of the most widely used disinfectants in drinking water treatment processes due to its high efficacy, low cost, and ease of application. This study aims to review the disinfection efficiency of chlorine against various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and intestinal parasites. The results showed that chlorine is effective against most types of bacteria and viruses when appropriate doses and sufficient contact times are used; however, its effectiveness is limited against certain protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, which require higher concentrations and longer contact times to achieve high inactivation rates. The study also indicated that chlorine efficacy increases with higher temperatures and lower pH levels, while it decreases at low temperatures or in the presence of organic matter. The study recommends integrating other processes such as filtration and coagulation before chlorination to achieve comprehensive removal of microorganisms and ensure the quality of the produced water.

Abstract

The 20th century witnessed radical economic transformations that led to the decline of the traditional agricultural sector as a result of technological advancements and agricultural mechanization, causing the neglect of rural areas and mass population migration toward urban centers. These dynamics resulted in an imbalance in economic systems and population densities between regions, producing unregulated urban growth known as informal settlements---deteriorated neighborhoods lacking basic infrastructure and exposing their residents to interconnected health, environmental, and social risks. The area of informal growth in the city of Sabha reached 3,400.67 hectares (25.3% of the area of second-generation master plans), with an acute housing deficit (1.6 families per dwelling in 2006), and the proliferation of clusters such as Al-Tayouri district (41.79 hectares, 1,600 housing units relying on informal connections)..